The Boeing 777

Commercial aircraft are the result of the demands of the airlines are attempts to satisfy as fully as possible and convenient, the particular combination of mission objectives. For aircraft airliner type, these two main parameters: load of passengers, baggage, freight included, and e-mail and reach, offering support to non-stop service between specific city pairs.

aircraft configurations are, in essence, design solutions foremissions from normal operation, and then, depending on the length and width of the fuselage; span, wing shape and angle, engine type, the drive and the assembly and the position of horizontal and vertical tail and size.

The 777 takes its origins to 1986, Boeing had initially determined the need for a large aircraft embedded design, able to replace the current 767-300 between 747-400, the McDonnell-Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TRIJET. Although the initial configuration, all developed X-767just had his predecessor as possible with a higher capacity and winglets 767, became immediately apparent that an entirely new design, the seventh in line Boeing Commercial Airplane Company would be required after an iteration in extremis was presented a living room with a 757 winglet 767 rear fuselage in its tracks, creating a semi-biplane. In addition to considerations of aerodynamic drag, the existing floor baggage, cargo and mail volume should have theirplanned capacity. capacity because of more reliable and higher could be the new turbofan aircraft like the 767, be configured to round two of them.

Boeing Board of Directors the power to design new, still had designated 767-X, December 8, 1989, for an aircraft that was 16 feet long, 41 cm wide have been granted, and a wingspan of 14 feet larger than the predecessor, but the initial feedback from All Nippon British, American Airways, Cathay Pacific,Delta, Japan Airlines, Qantas and United had indicated that Boeing was not innovative enough: everyone had a plane to a more sophisticated technology, such as fly-by-wire flight control, and extended range twin-engine operational capacity.

Another iteration, with a 20.3 meter wide, round fuselage section, had a 747-like, two tennis passenger cabin, and his 199.11 meters, supercritical wing, was with a sweep of the 31.6 degrees, the situation,achieve the development goals cruising speed, but will meet with U.S. airliners "DC-10-compatible gate size, with an innovative, folding wing tips. It would be the world's largest twin-engine, narrow or wide-body size, never produced . because of its relatively late stage of development, would provide both larger cabin of the competition.

At United Airlines got its start on $ 3500000000 for 34 firm and 34 options, 15th October 1990 to replace its DC-10 series, which had launchedPure design-week Boeing jet, and a partnership with the manufacturer and then to a cell of high quality.

The aircraft, which was then rolled three and six months after April 9, 1994, designated WA001, was the first digitally designed using three-dimensional computer graphics, and that it had exceeded its original design goal of combating climate change, error and rework 50 percent. In fact the plane had the first alignmenta mere.023 a thumb.

The aircraft, the Boeing 777 was also the first to be designed around its hull. To provide the required support from the large capacity, Boeing had departed from its traditional first fuselage section egg-shaped cross, which is one with a perfect circle, having a sufficient inner width and the estimated volume was 747, as , coach seating up with ten. and it was easier and outside the structure lighter and less expensive.Seating was provided for internal double-aisle configurations vary updated 6:00 to 10:00, in a variety of classes and density, for a maximum capacity of 440, while the toilet areas reconfiguration flexibility had allowed food and, depending the airline must fast.

In contrast to previous 767, had to take the 777 again in a position, the standard LD-3 containers for its lower deck space, storage 18 (or six pallets), in the front and 14 back in his possession.

Asupercritical wing with a capacity of 199.11 meters, a 31.30-degree sweep of his rope on the quarter, and an aspect ratio of 8.68, had adapted his own start-range and payload, but it had also secured high altitude and management of low-speed handling. Hind wings fall had led to a generation much rear lift, while double-and single-slotted outboard internal slotted trailing edge flaps had extended lift at low speed. The exterior of 21.3 meters each wing, connected to a hydraulic controlHinge had facilitated the goal compatibility on the ground, even if American Airlines, for which it was designed, the event had never chosen this option, nor any other carrier.

Unlike the conical tail of the 767-cones, the 777 had resulted in a drag-reduction, facilitated by a knife-shaped auxiliary power unit side-facing exhaust.

Using most of the composite construction of a former Boeing design, particularly infixed wing leading edges, wing fairings, spoilers, panels, trailing edge wing surfaces, vertical surfaces, engine nacelles and main landing gear doors, the plane had some £ 2,600 for weight loss because it presented.

Its two high ratio turbofan bypass was the most powerful and reliable than ever for a passenger plane, its 123-inch diameter equal to a hull 737, the six coaches were side by side seats designed to accommodate. WithAll composite fan blades broad agreements, he swallowed two million cubic meters of air per minute, and had initially potential of 100,000 pounds of thrust.

His 14-wheeled tricycle landing gear had planned a double-wheel steering system, nose and two six-wheel drives, the need for a third DC had refrained from 10 to 30-preening and a similar rear axle, hydraulic steering- controlled, which had operated in compliance with the nose wheel.

The first Boeing Designreplace the old technology, cable and pulley flight control fly-by-wire electronic reporting, the plane had maneuvered the pilot controls is no longer directly connected. Instead, the computer translates these commands into signals to control movement of flight.

First flight 12 June 1994 from Everett, Washington, the Boeing 777, which had engines from Pratt & Whitney from 4084 and a T-38 fighter aircraft in the shadows, a successful three-hour, 48 minute flight,and sparked the kind of two-year test program to nine aircraft, three types of engines, air 6,700 hours and 4,800 flight cycles has been associated. At the same time, the FAA and JAA certified to April 19, 1995, was the first aircraft ever to have expanded operations to 180 minutes with two engines Pratt & Whitney is worth doing from the first day of service that occurred two months after the United States from London Heathrow to Washington Dulles.

L 'Basic design flexibility inherent in the use of previously dry medium tank and engine thrust via higher solution has optimized the way for greater range sectors, which is in the initial phase of a variant of a subsequent B-version, and a final increase in gross weight, or 777-200IGW, model, before the type was collectively-200ER as the "extended range". With the help of the fuselage, wings, tail, engine pylons and landing gear, structural reinforcement, theAircraft to increase, with a 14-gallon fuel and a higher U.S. 220, 656, 000-pound Gross, had a 7,700-nautical-mile offers, but did not otherwise physically identical to its predecessor -200. First flight October 7, 1996 General Electric GE90 engines, had been certified in the following January and was in service with British Airways on February 9.

Airline dictates need more capacity, flexibility combined with the basic cell was inherentled to the first dimensional change and had followed the trend of the previous Boeing airplane, all of whom had the same growth capacity designed.

The version as an early-200B 747-100 and the replacement should be targeted, similar passenger capacity, because they offer quad-engine wide body, but with much lower consumption, lower costs per seat-mile, and advanced technology .

Cathay Pacific was, coincidentally, saw the need for an aircraft of very high capacity wide-body aircraft onits intra-Asian routes, where long-range capability is not critical, but make the twin nature of the economy that would be more profitable.

The longer version, which would be the same type rating pilot's plane base in the range 777-household income and the ability to meet diverse needs.

Designated officially announced at the Paris Air Show 1995 31, after receiving orders from Cathay Pacific, Korean Air, Thai Airways International and the ANA, the long variant777-300, had a ten-frame forward and the inclusion of nine frame of the rear fuselage in order to ensure the optimum balance and continue to receive necessary priority and remove the corner from the current frame 777-200, maximizing presented, the capacity of a class for passenger services to 550 to be able to speed the evacuation, show this number, two-door type A has been included the release of the wing. had given section of the fuselage, the wings and inside the nose and main landing gear reinforcementthe increased structural weight, while a spur of the fuselage was protected from excessive off angles.

Because of the unprecedented long wheelbase, a belly mounted horizontal stabilizer and "system operating room on the ground" or "PGM", had planned to electronic images to facilitate cockpit and rotating roles.

The 777-300 with an overall length of 242.4 meters, but the same 199.11 feet span had the first time on 16 October 1997 82 800-pound thrust flightRolls-Royce Trent 892 engines, with its test pilots taxiing signaling differences that had been extended by a camera system mass movement, but during the flight characteristics that had virtually the same as those of -200 to his flight nearly four hours of girl.

The 777 to 300-certification program, the five aircraft and 1,500 hours was involved, was focused on the differences between the two versions.

The way opens into service with Cathay Pacific May 27, 1998finally got the 98,000-pound thrust Pratt and Whitney 4098, was the 90,000 pound thrust Rolls-Royce Trent 892, the 93,700-pound thrust turbofan General Electric 90-94B motor, and had a 660 000 pounds of maximum takeoff weight. Its wings and fuselage of the center fuel tank of 45,220 gallons of the United States has had a typical mixed-class range of 6,000 nautical miles provided, and the variant was the first serious contender for a Boeing 747 in their performance.

-100 777 series, so farMissing from the family base and strong support from American Airlines, could be had for a smaller capacity, ultra long-range version with a small trunk, any two points of the globe to connect reserved. As a manufacturer of engines had been reluctant to develop an engine with a thrust used more capacity than the 777-200ER, the hull could still reduce existing engines, trading structural weight for the production of fuel.

As mentionedprovided, a full 777-100X for a ten-frame loss of 12 for a three-class of about 250, led to an increase in operating costs because fewer passengers and less cargo aircraft would reduce the total to have a yield potential, although he reached the desired range. Key, like a drawing had to use at least the length of the existing body was -200.

The resulting version, which would be 777-200X, the fuel stored in tanks on the wing hinge and never usedwith a passenger-298, capacity in three classes, would be able to fly the aircraft as the world's longest range commercial nautical look 8,600 miles. A similar section fuselage, passengers 355-777 would be a range-300X 6600-nautical miles.

Even if Malaysia Airlines has signed a Memorandum of Understanding-200Xs International and Thai Airways had also expressed an interest in 15 strong, many Asian airlines have found the area had been the design is still insufficient, because it cannot provide their desired U.S. Pacific West Coast capacity.

Combat stiff competition from Airbus, with its A-340 500, Singapore Airlines had ordered in May 1998 that only Boeing has reached the desired area with a wing larger total weight in the engines and the higher position.

Six-foot, five inches from wing tip extensions, drag-reducing sports raked wing tips, had extended the wingspan and the wing window and integral supply of fuel had increased, while a new, 750,000 pounds grossWeight was required considerable structural reinforcement of the fuselage and the tail vertical and horizontal. The engine nacelles were reviewed. The main landing gear had received new wheels, brakes and tires, and had the ability to semi-lever to expand the extended version of the rotation angle.

Internally, new air conditioning ducts and parts of the secondary support structure had allowed the installation crew rest compartments configured with eight fifty-eight bedsthe body of the crown above the passenger of a luggage compartment, facilitating shifts of 19 hours flight. similar provisions were the main galley fourth bridge crown and lower capacity of the platform grew by four on the short fuselage and seven six, respectively, the longer fuselage variant.

Due to the competition of A-340 500 of these would be developed.

Officially announced the program Feb. 29, 2000, Boeing had to startthe world's largest, longest range and most powerful twin in the form of 777-200LR "Longer Range" Worldliner and the 777-300ER "Extended Range. The first seconds of flight Feb. 23, 2003, was 115,300 pounds thrust General Electric turbofan GE90-115B, a wingspan of 212.7 feet, weighing 000 to 775 pounds total, 47 800 U.S. gallon fuel tank and a 7,930-nautical mile range and services with Air France introduced later may apply. The 777-200LR, which flew not only to8. Reserve in March 2005, had the -200 's of total length and-300ER' s extended range, but with three optional fuel tanks aft cargo bay of fuel has had a 53,515 U.S. gallons, giving a range of 9380 miles nautical 110 100 pounds of thrust GE90-110B1 engines. After a test program, 886 hours, which had two floors, ground 318 hours and 328 cycles, the result was the versions of service with Pakistan International joined a year later, March 3, 2006.

Boeing was thus able to bidcomplete family of medium, long and ultra long-haul passenger plane with two basic skills.

The boy had recorded several steps in a hurry. After five years of service with 280 aircraft, the Boeing 777 was passed 10 million hours and flown more than 100,000 Extended Twin Operations, in particular across the Atlantic. As Kingdom was the first customer, who had recorded 777 hours than any other airline. Lauda Air has received the kind of high daily aircraftUtilization of 14.92 hours on Austria-Australia route.

While the aircraft the best-selling twin-aisle commercial, had conquered in 500 deliveries until 2004.

The capacity of the range was often performed in many of these milestones. On April 7, 1997 because it had a record of global circumnavigation east reach of 41 hours, 59 minutes with one stop in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, before landing at Boeing Field. Flying 10 823 nautical miles, which was the amount"Great Circle Distance without Landing" record, miles and 553 hours on average, had also won the "Around the world speed record heading east." And November 10, 2005, the 777-200LR conquered the world distance record of nautical 11.664000 miles in 22 hours, 42 minutes, a distance more than halfway around the world.

Replacing 747, 777-300, the same number of passengers was a third of the fuel was needed maintenance and flew 40 percent less.

The final version, a cargofree from outside persons or Windows internal services, led to the establishment of a long-haul high-capacity cargo plane and May 24 were launched in 2005, when Air France had placed an initial order. Based on the 777-200LR Worldliner, was fueled by 110,100 pounds of thrust GE90 turbofan-110B1L. With a maximum capacity of 47,890 gallons of fuel in the United States, has had 766 airplanes 000-pound 4886 miles nautical range. The load capacity of 226,000-pounds couldconducted in an inner hull, 23,051 cubic meters of volume: 18,301 cubic meters of the main deck, 27 pallets could be 96 inches and 4,150 cubic feet of space on the lower deck can not afford ten pallets of 96 inches. Another 600 cubic feet of cargo could be carried out in the wholesale sector.

Growing sales of about 1,000 in all versions of 13-year period 1995-2008, scratched, looked like the versatile wide-body, twin-engine Boeing 777 ready to carry passengers and goods21st Century.